ABSTRACT
The effects of Cinnamon granules on pharmacokinetics of berberine in Rhizoma Coptidis granules in healthy male volunteers,and the compatibility mechanism of Jiao-Tai-Wan (JTW) composed of Rhizoma Coptidis granules and Cinnamon granules were investigated.The concentration of berberine in plasma of healthy male volunteers was determined directly by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) after an oral administration of Rhizoma Coptidis granules alone or combined with Cinnamon granules (JTW).The plasma concentration-time curves of berberine were plotted.The data were analyzed with Drug and Statistics (DAS) 2.0 pharmacokinetic program (Chinese Pharmacology Society)to obtain the main pharmacokinetic parameters.The results showed that the plasma concentration-time curve of berberine was described by a two-compartment model.The Cmax,Tmax,t1/2 and CLz/F of berberine in Rhizoma Coptidis granules were 360.883 μg/L,2.0 h,3.882 h,119.320 L·h-1·kg-1 respectively,and those of berberine in JTW were 396.124 μg/L,1.5 h,4.727 h,57.709 L·h-1·kg-1 respectively.It was suggested that Rhizoma Coptidis granules combined with Cinnamon granules could increase the plasma concentration of berberine,promote berberine absorption and lengthen the detention time of berberine in healthy male volunteers.
ABSTRACT
Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi z66-positive strains have two different flagellin genes, fliC:d/j and fljB:z66, located on the chromosome and on a linear plasmid, respectively. To investigate the mechanism underlying the expressional regulation of fljB:z66, gene deletion mutants of the regulators FliA, FlhDC, and OmpR were constructed in this study. The expression levels of fliC and fljB:z66 were analyzed by qRT-PCR in the wild-type strain and mutants at high and low osmolarity. The results show that the expression levels of both fljB:z66 and fliC were greatly reduced in fliA and flhDC mutants under both high and low osmotic conditions. In the ompR mutant, the expression levels of fljB:z66, fliC, fliA, and flhD were increased at low osmotic conditions. SDS-PAGE and western blotting analysis of the secreted proteins revealed that the FljB:z66 was almost absent in the fliA and flhDC mutants at both high and low osmolarity. In the wild-type strain, the fljB:z66 was more highly expressed under high-osmolarity conditions than under low-osmolarity conditions. However, this difference in expression disappeared in the ompR mutant. Translational expression assay of FljB:z66 showed that the FljB:z66 expression was decreased in ompR mutant at both low and high osmolarity. These results suggest that the expression of fljB:z66 in S. enterica serovar Typhi is dependent on FliA and FlihDC, and OmpR can regulate the expression and secretion of FljB:z66 in different osmolarity.